Can I apply for a PNP or the AIP from outside Canada?

Yes, in many cases. Several PNP streams accept overseas candidates, especially skilled worker and in-demand occupation streams, though some require a job offer or a previous connection to the province. The Atlantic Immigration Program is open to applicants abroad too — you need a job offer from a designated Atlantic employer and, unless you graduated from an eligible Atlantic institution, qualifying work experience. Language tests and educational credential assessments are usually needed either way. Each province lists which of its streams are open to overseas applicants.